Real World

Real world cyber crime cases This document is an extract from the book Cyber Crime & digital demonstrate Indian stead authored by Rohas Nagpal. This book is available as coursewargon for the Diploma in Cyber Law and PG Program in Cyber Law conducted by Asian School of Cyber Laws www. asian faithfulnesss. org Cyber Crime & digital testify Indian Perspective 23. Real World Cases This chapter serves as a ready reference guide. First the various scenarios be covered. A detailed discussion on the various cyber crimes, is covered in the ASCL matter titled Understanding Hackers and Cyber Criminals.This is provided as official coursewargon for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime tec course. Then the applicable law and legal liabilities be covered. Then the modus operandi ordinarily followed by the criminals is discussed. The investigation guidelines for cyber crime investigators are not discussed in this book as they are part of the syllabus of the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigato r course only. For real world case studies on investigation of cyber crimes, please refer to the ASCL publication titled Case Studies on Cyber Crime Investigation.This is provided as official courseware for the ASCL Certified Cyber Crime Investigator course. 130 2008 Rohas Nagpal. each(prenominal) rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital exhibit Indian Perspective 23. 1 Orkut Fake Profile cases Orkut. com is a very popular online partnership and social engagementing netsite. Orkut users provoke search for and interact with people who dish out(p) the same hobbies and interests. They can create and join a wide variety of online communities. The writes of Orkut members are publicly viewable. The scenarios 1. A assumed profile of a woman is created on Orkut.The profile displays her correct shout out and hint education (such as address, residential phone number, cell phone number and so forthtera. Sometimes it even has her photograph. The problem is that the profile desc ribes her as a prostitute or a woman of loose extension who wants to have sexual relations with anyone. Other Orkut members see this profile and spark calling her at all hours of the day asking for sexual favours. This leads to a parcel of harassment for the dupe and as hygienic as defames her in society. 2. An online hate community is created.This community displays objectionable culture a passst a particular republic, religious or ethnic group or even against national leaders and historical figures. 3. A fake profile of a man is created on Orkut. The profile contains libellous information abut the dupe (such as his alleged sexual weakness, alleged immoral character etc) The law Scenario 1 Section 67 of breeding engine room Act and role 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2 Section 153A and 153B of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3 Section 500 of Indian Penal Code. Who is presumable?Scenario 1 Directors of Orkut as well as all those who create and update the fake profil e. Scenario 2 aforesaid(prenominal) as Scenario 1. Scenario 3 Same as Scenario 1. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 131 Cyber Crime & Digital cause Indian Perspective The fountain Scenario 1 Jealousy or revenge (e. g. the victim may have rejected the advances made by the suspect). Scenario 2 Desire to cause racial hatred (e. g. Pakistani citizens creating an anti-India online community). Scenario 3 Hatred (e. g. a school student who has failed may victimize his teachers).Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would create a free G stake paper victimization a fictitious name. 2. The telecommunicate ID chosen by him would be unrelated to his real identity. 3. The suspect would then login to Orkut. com and create the offensive profile. 132 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 2 telecommunicate Account Hacking Emails are increasingly being used for social interaction, business communication and online actions. Most email account holders do not take fundamental precautions to protect their email account passwords.Cases of theft of email passwords and subsequent misuse of email accounts are becoming very mutual. The scenarios 1. The victims email account password is stolen and the account is then utilise for sending out malicious code (computer virus, worm, Trojan etc) to people in the victims address book. The recipients of these viruses opine that the email is coming from a known person and run the attachments. This infects their computers with the malicious code. 2. The victims email account password is stolen and the jadeer tries to extort bullion from the victim.The victim is threatened that if he does not pay the money, the information contained in the emails will be misused. 3. The victims email account password is stolen and lascivious emails are sent to people in the victims address book. The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of development Technology Act. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of information Technology Act and share 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3 Sections 43, 66 and 67 of Information Technology Act and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code. Who is liable?Scenario 1 Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are mis using the email account. Scenario 2 Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are threatening to misuse it. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 133 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective Scenario 3 Persons who have stolen the email account password and who are misusing the email account. The power Scenario 1 Corporate Espionage, unrepentant pleasure in being able to destroy valuable information belonging to strangers etc. Scenario 2 punishable monetary gain.Scenario 3 Revenge, jealousy, hatred. Modus Operandi 1. The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. 2. unsuspicious victims would logi n to their email accounts using these infected computers. 3. The passwords of the victims email accounts would be emailed to the suspect. 134 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 3 Credit Card Fraud Credit cards are commonly being used for online booking of airline and railway tickets and for other ecommerce transactions.Although most of ecommerce websites have implemented strong security measures (such as SSL, secure web legions etc), instances of credit card frauds are increasing. The scenario The victims credit card information is stolen and misused for making online grease ones palmss (e. g. airline tickets, software, subscription to pornographic websites etc). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons who have stolen the credit card information as well as those who have misused it. The motive Illegal financial gain.Modus Operandi Scenar io 1 The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to make online transactions. The credit card information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2 Petrol pump attendants, workers at retail outlets, hotel waiters etc note down information of the credit cards used for making payment at these establishments. This information is sold to criminal gangs that misuse it for online frauds. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 135 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 4 Online Share Trading Fraud With the advent of dematerialization of shares in India, it has become mandatory for investors to have demat accounts. In most cases an online banking account is united with the share trading account. This has led to a high number of online share trading frauds. The scenario Scenario 1 The victims account passwords are stolen and his accounts are misused for making fraudulent bank transfers.Scenario 2 The victims account passwords are stolen and his share trading accounts are misused for making unauthorised transactions that result in the victim making losses. The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 420 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1 All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it. Scenario 2 All persons who have stolen the account information as well as those who have misused it.The motive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain Scenario 2 Revenge, jealousy, hatred Modus Operandi Scenario 1 The suspect would install keyloggers in public computers (such as cyber cafes, airport lounges etc) or the computers of the victim. Unsuspecting victims would use these infected computers to login to their online banking an d share trading accounts. The passwords and other information of the victim would be emailed to the suspect. Scenario 2 Same as scenario 1. 136 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 3. 5 assess Evasion and Money Laundering Many unscrupulous businessmen and money launderers (havala operators) are using virtual as well as personal terminal media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. The scenario Scenario 1 The suspect uses physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. knockout drives, floppies, USB drives, supple phone memory cards, digital camera memory cards, CD read-only memorys, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. Scenario 2 The suspect uses virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Scenario 1 Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Scenario 2 Depending upon the case, provisions of the Income Tax Act and Prevention of Money Laundering Act will apply. Who is liable? Scenario 1 information. The person who hides the Scenario 2 The person who hides the information. If the operators of the virtual storage facility do not cooperate in the investigation, then they also become liable.The motive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain Scenario 2 Illegal financial gain Modus Operandi Scenario 1 The suspect would purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities. Scenario 2 The suspect would open free or paying accounts with online storage providers. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 137 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 6 Source Code thievery Computer solution code is the most of the essence(p) asset of software companies. Simply put, source code is the programming instructions that are compiled into the executable files that are sold by software development companies.As is expected, most source code thef ts take place in software companies. Some cases are also reported in banks, manufacturing companies and other organisations who get received software developed for their use. The scenario Scenario 1 The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) deals the source code and merchandises it to a business rival of the victim. Scenario 2 The suspect (usually an employee of the victim) steals the source code and uses it as a base to make and sell his own version of the software. The law Scenario 1 Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act.Scenario 2 Sections 43, 65 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of the Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1 The persons who steal the source code as well as the persons who purchase the stolen source code. Scenario 2 The persons who steal the source code. The motive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2 Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1 If the suspect is an empl oyee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect recover to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. 138 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, he would hack into the victims servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then contact potential buyers to make the sale. Scenario 2 If the suspect is an employee of the victim, he would usually have direct or indirect access to the source code. He would steal a copy of the source code and hide it using a virtual or physical storage device. If the suspect is not an employee of the victim, e would hack into the victims servers to steal the source code. Or he would use social engineering to get unauthorised access to the code. He would then modify the source code (either himself or in association with other computer programmers) and launch his own software. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 139 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 7 Theft of Confidential Information Most business organisations store their sensitive information in computer systems. This information is targeted by rivals, criminals and sometimes disgruntled employees.The scenario Scenario 1 A business rival nonpluss the information (e. g. tender quotations, business plans etc) using hacking or social engineering. He then uses the information for the benefit of his own business (e. g. quoting lour rates for the tender). Scenario 2 A criminal obtains the information by hacking or social engineering and threatens to make the information public unless the victim pays him some money. Scenario 3 A disgruntled employee steals the information and mass mails it to the victims rivals and also posts it to numerous websites and newsgroups.The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of t he Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 384 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 3 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1 The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who misuse the stolen information. Scenario 2 The persons who steal the information as well as the persons who threaten the victim and extort money.Scenario 3 The disgruntled employee as well as the persons who help him in stealing and distributing the information. The motive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2 Illegal financial gain. Scenario3 Revenge. 140 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective Modus Operandi Scenario 1 The suspect could engross a skilled hacker to break into the victim systems. The hacker could also use social engineering techniques. Illustration A very goo d looking at woman went to meet the system administrator (sysadmin) of a large company.She interviewed the sysadmin for a magazine article. During the interview she flirted a lot with the sysadmin and while leaving she unintentionally left her pen drive at the sysadmins room. The sysadmin accessed the pen drive and saw that it contained umteen photographs of the lady. He did not realize that the photographs were Trojanized erst the Trojan was in place, a lot of sensitive information was stolen very easily. Illustration The sysadmin of a large manufacturing company received a beautifully packed CD ROM containing security updates from the company that developed the operating system that ran his companys servers.He installed the updates which in reality were Trojanized software. For 3 years after that a lot of confidential information was stolen from the companys systems Scenario 2 Same as scenario 1. Scenario 3 The disgruntled employee would usually have direct or indirect access to the information. He can use his personal computer or a cyber cafe to spread the information. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 141 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 8 Software Piracy Many people do not hit the books software piracy to be theft.They would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before using pirated software. There is a common cognition amongst normal computer users to not consider software as property. This has led to software piracy becoming a flourishing business. The scenario Scenario 1 The software pirate sells the pirated software in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2 The software pirate sells the pirated software through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc.The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology A ct, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1 The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2 The software pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The motive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2 Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1 The suspect uses high revivify CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated software.This software is sold through a network of computer hardware and software vendors. Scenario 2 The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge knob information to law enforcement officials of other countries. 142 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 9 Music Piracy Many people do not consider medicinal drug piracy to be theft.T hey would never steal a rupee from someone but would not think twice before buying or using pirated medicament. There is a common perception amongst people users to not consider music as property. There is a huge business in music piracy. Thousands of unscrupulous businessmen sell pirated music at throw away prices. The scenario Scenario 1 The music pirate sells the pirated music in physical media (usually CD ROMs) through a close network of dealers. Scenario 2 The music pirate sells the pirated music through electronic downloads through websites, bulletin boards, newsgroups, spam emails etc.The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of the Information Technology Act, section 63 of Copyright Act. Who is liable? Scenario 1 The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. Scenario 2 The music pirate as well as the persons who buy the pirated software from him. The mo tive Scenario 1 Illegal financial gain. Scenario 2 Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi Scenario 1 The suspect uses high speed CD duplication equipment to create multiple copies of the pirated music.This music is sold through a network of dealers. Scenario 2 The suspect registers a domain name using a fictitious name and then hosts his website using a service provider that is based in a country that does not have cyber laws. Such service providers do not divulge client information to law enforcement officials of other countries. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 143 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 10 Email Scams Emails are fast emerging as one of the most common methods of communication in the modern world.As can be expected, criminals are also using emails extensively for their illicit activities. The scenario In the first step, the suspect convinces the victim that the victim is going to get a lot of money (by way of winning a lottery or from a co rrupt African bureaucrat who wants to transfer his ill gotten gains out of his mob country). In order to convince the victim, the suspect sends emails (some having official looking documents as attachments). Once the victim believes this story, the suspect asks for a small fee to cover legal expenses or courier charges.If the victim pays up the money, the suspect stops all contact. The law Section 420 of Indian Penal Code Who is liable? The sender of the email. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates email accounts in fictitious names and sends out millions of fraudulent emails using powerful spam software. 144 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 11 Phishing With the tremendous increase in the use of online banking, online share trading and ecommerce, there has been a corresponding growth in the ncidents of phishing being used to carry out financial frauds. Phishing involves fraudulently acq uiring sensitive information (e. g. passwords, credit card details etc) by masquerading as a pulled entity. The scenario Scenario 1 The victim receives an email that appears to have been sent from his bank. The email urges the victim to click on the link in the email. When the victim does so, he is taken to a secure page on the banks website. The victim believes the web page to be authentic and he enters his username, password and other information.In reality, the website is a fake and the victims information is stolen and misused. The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and sections 419, 420 and 468 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? All persons involved in creating and sending the fraudulent emails and creating and maintaining the fake website. The persons who misuse the stolen or phished information are also liable. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details. The domain name is usually such th at can be misused for spoofing e. g. Noodle Bank has its website at www. oodle. com The suspects can target Noodle customers using a domain name the likes of www. noodle-bank-customerlogin. com The suspect then sends spoofed emails to the victims. e. g. the emails may appear to come from emailprotected com The fake website is designed to look exactly like the original website. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 145 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 12 Cyber Pornography Cyber obscenity is believed to be one of the largest businesses on the Internet today. The millions of pornographic websites that flourish on the Internet are testimony to this.While pornography per se is not illegitimate in many countries, child pornography is strictly illegal in most nations today. Cyber pornography includes pornographic websites, pornographic magazines produced using computers (to publish and print the material) and the Internet (to download and transmit pornographic pictures, photos, writings etc). The scenario The suspect accepts online payments and allows paid customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. The law Section 67 of Information Technology Act. Who is liable? The persons who create and maintain the pornographic websites are liable.In some cases cyber cafe owners and managers may also be liable in case they knowingly allow their customers to access the pornographic websites. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect registers a domain name using fictitious details and hosts a website on a server located in a country where cyber pornography is not illegal. The suspect accepts online payments and allows paying customers to view / download pornographic pictures, videos etc from his website. 146 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 3 Online Sale of Illegal Articles It is becoming increasingly common to find cases where sal e of narcotics drugs, weapons, wildlife etc. is being facilitated by the Internet. Information about the availability of the products for sale is being posted on auction websites, bulletin boards etc. The scenario The suspect posts information about the illegal sale that he seeks to make. Potential customers can contact the marketer using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded.In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction. Illustration In March 2007, the Pune rural police cracked down on an illegal rave party and arrested hundreds of illegal drug users. The social networking site, Orkut. com, is believed to be one of the modes of communication for gathering people for the illegal drug party. The law Depending upon the illegal items being transacted in, provisions of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, Arms Act, Indian Penal Code, Wildlife related laws etc may apply. Who is liable?The persons who buy and sell these items. The motive Illegal financial gain. Modus Operandi The suspect creates an email ID using fictitious details. He then posts messages, about the illegal products, in various chat rooms, bulletin boards, newsgroups etc. Potential customers can contact the seller using the email IDs provided. If the buyer and seller trust each other after their email and / or telephonic conversation, the actual transaction can be concluded. In most such cases the buyer and seller will meet face to face at the time of the final transaction. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 147 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 14 Use of Internet and Computers by Terrorists Many terrorists are using virtual as well as physical storage media for hiding information and records of their illicit business. They also use emails and chat rooms to communicate with their counte rparts around the globe. The scenario The suspects carry laptops wherein information relating to their activities is stored in encrypted and password protected form. They also create email accounts using fictitious details. In many cases, one email account is shared by many people.E. g. one terrorist composes an email and saves it in the draft folder. Another terrorist logs into the same account from another city / country and reads the saved email. He then composes his reply and saves it in the draft folder. The emails are not actually sent. This makes email tracking and tracing almost impossible. Terrorists also use physical storage media for hiding the information e. g. hard drives, floppies, USB drives, mobile phone memory cards, digital camera memory cards, CD ROMs, DVD ROMs, iPods etc. They also use virtual storage media for hiding the information e. g. mail accounts, online briefcases, FTP sites, Gspace etc. The law Terrorists are covered by conventional laws such as Indian P enal Code and special code relating to terrorism. Who is liable? Terrorists as well as those who help them to protect their information are liable. If email service providers do not assist the law enforcement personnel office in the investigation then they are also legally liable. The motive Keeping terrorism related information confidential. Secure communication amongst terrorist group members. Modus Operandi The terrorists purchase small storage devices with large data storage capacities.They also purchase and use encryption software. The terrorists may also use free or paid accounts with online storage providers. 148 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 23. 15 Virus Attacks Computer viruses are malicious programs that destroy electronic information. As the world is increasingly becoming networked, the threat and damage caused by viruses is growing by leaps and bounds. The scenario Scenario 1 The virus is a general in the w ild virus. This way of life that it is spreading all over the world and is not targeted at any specific organisation.Scenario 2 The virus targets a particular organisation. This type of a virus is not known to anti-virus companies as it is a new virus created specifically to target a particular organisation. The law Scenario 1 Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Scenario 2 Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act and section 426 of Indian Penal Code. Who is liable? Scenario 1 The creator of the virus. Scenario 2 The creator of the virus as well as the buyer who purchases the virus (usually to target his business rivals).The motive Scenario 1 boot and a perverse pleasure in destroying data belonging to strangers. Scenario 2 Illegal business rivalry. financial gain, revenge, Modus Operandi Scenario 1 A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus and releases it on the Internet so that it can spread all ov er the world. Being a new virus, it goes undetected by many anti-virus software and hence is able to spread all over the world and cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies are usually able to find a solution within 8 to 48 hours. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. 149 Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective Scenario 2 A highly skilled programmer creates a new type or strain of virus. He does not release it on the Internet. Instead he sells it for a huge amount of money. The buyer uses the virus to target his rival company. Being a new virus, it may be undetected by the victim companys anti-virus software and hence would be able to cause a lot of damage. Anti-virus companies may never get to know about the initiation of the virus. 150 2008 Rohas Nagpal. All rights reserved. Cyber Crime & Digital Evidence Indian Perspective 3. 16 Web Defacement Website defacement is usually the substitution of the original home page of a website with another page (usually por nographic or defamatory in nature) by a hacker. Religious and government sites are regularly targeted by hackers in order to display political or religious beliefs. Disturbing images and offensive phrases might be displayed in the process, as well as a signature of sorts, to show who was responsible for the defacement. Websites are not only defaced for political reasons, many defacers do it just for the thrill.The scenario The homepage of a website is replaced with a pornographic or defamatory page. In case of Government websites, this is most commonly done on symbolic days (e. g. the Independence day of the country). The law Sections 43 and 66 of Information Technology Act In some cases section 67 and 70 may also apply. Who is liable? The person who defaces the website. The motive Thrill or a perverse pleasure in inciting communal disharmony. Modus Operandi The defacer may exploit the vulnerabilities of the operating system or applications used to host the website.This will allow h im to hack into the web server and change the home page and other pages. Alternatively he may launch a brute force or dictionary attack to obtain the administrator passwords for the website. He can then connect to the web server and change the webpages. 2008 Rohas Nagpal. 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