Essay --

According to the Victim point multi-disciplinary responses to statutory bobble training guide, Law enforcement often assigns statutory rape cases a much lower priority than incest and forcible rape cases with junior nestlingren. There is a belief among criminal justice officials that investigation and taking into custody ar a waste of time because prosecutors will not affiance except in most egregious cases (Elstein & Smith, 1998). Statutory rape laws should be just as much of a priority as child abuse and forcible rape. Throwing away statutory rape cases is not stiff regardless of how hard it is to prosecute. A minor does not know what is shell for him or her it should not matter whether or not the victim is involuntary to testify. If proof that a minor is indeed involved in a cases where his or her partner is considered an adult by law then that person should be convicted. It is hard to prosecute statutory rape cases because most of the victims argon not willing to testi fy against their partners. The minors involved in the cases are usually in the relationship because they want to be not becaus...

Oppression among First Nation People: Canada

Oppression among setoff Nations nations in Canada The detrimental enforcement of colonialism sparked an era of oppression that has altered, even destroyed age of cultural and religious traditions by creating a forced lifestyle that changed the face of initiative Nations peoples forever. agonistic European subtlety resulted in the diminishing of premiers Nations values and rights. A roulette wheel of hearty, physical, and spiritual obliteration resulted from the dispossession of First Nations lands and the implementation of contradictory methods of government.Poverty, curt health, and substance abuse are some of the long-term side cause that came more or less from this oppression. European settlers came overseas, unwelcome into First Nations territory with absolutely no respect for their traditions and ways of living. Over time children were taken apart from their families and aborigine homelands to pay heed residential schools Native students were given parvenue na mes and taught to tattle English. residential schools attempted to brainwash First Nations children to erase their native tillage and traditions.First Nations peoples were defenseless under the former of the Europeans their rights were ignored and their values were completely demoralized. First Nations peoples were forced down the path of violence and educational failure, which eventually conduct to poverty. These effects were a direct result of the disrespect and insensible placement put forth towards First Nations peoples by the European settlers. The introduction of Residential schools to the First Nations peoples of Canada was a system that began in New France in 1620, and was cognise as the experiment of education of Indian Children in residential establishments. (Timeline Canadas Residential School History) These schools had a system that was based upon the idea of charge the Indian, save the man (Capt. Charles Pratt, founder of the Carlyle Indian School. ) European aut horities were act to Europeanize the First Nation occupants of Canada by instilling in the minds of youngish First Nations children the beliefs and values of the European culture. The Clash of two different cultures brought upon erosive trauma amongst the First Nations peoples and their future.The government formed a rule that nix the First Nations peoples ability to develop their own culture through their rich traditions. Cultural genocide resulted from years of oppression, and accessible violence. check to Dr. Leslie Korn, Community developing that is non self determined precipitates intergenerational trauma in individuals and communities. When this occurs people suffer loss and grieve over ways of life. Families differentiate and rituals of celebration and healing lose meaning (Dr. Leslie Korn Community trauma and development).The development of a culture is jeopardized when change is implemented on a veritable group by another group. This reflects the result of Europe an influence on First Nations peoples. By 1870, the government and missionaries shared the same objective of move First Nations children into the reaches of society. By 1920, First Nations children aging from 7-15 years were forced away from their families by priests, Indian agents and police officers as it was now compulsory to attend residential schools. As the years moved along, residential schools slowly weakened away.It wasnt until 1980, where sexual, and other forms of abuse were finally removed. In 1996, the last residential that was federally ran was closed. Most First Nations children, from birth, are surrounded by the attitude, and social obligation of being faithless. The unequal story Traplines, written by nirvana Robinson, is close a young aboriginal boy named allow. go out is fall deeper and deeper into a dark lifestyle that seemingly has no hope. Surrounded get substance abuse, alcoholism, physical and emotional abuse, Will is caught up in a trap that many ab original teens misguidedly find themselves dropping into.Will is an adolescent teenager that seems to have a silent side of him that wants to change his life. Will doesnt partake in alcohol or drug consumption, but seems to be desensitized to what is taking place at home and in the community. Will contemplates whether or not he should take the offer put forth by his English teacher, Mrs. Smythe, to move into her and her husbands household and receive a priceless opportunity for a better start to his life journey. An opportunity that offers much safer and more rewarding lifestyle filled with love and morals.It seems Will doesnt feel deserving of that deliverance from the violent, detrimental lifestyle he is surrounded by at home. The frequent abusive confrontations Will experiences at home are evident in the text, Are you a bisexual? I got a sissy for a son. Look. Like cutting up a chicken see? Pretend your skinning a chicken (379). Wills get is verbally abusive when Will shows t he slightest discomfort towards skinning the marten cat they had trapped. Accompanied by abuse, alcoholism is also evident in the text.Wills explains the tendencies of his parents on the weekends, Theyll probably find a party and go on a bender until Monday, when dad has to go back to work (380). This shows that his parents who are hypothetic to guide him and raise him properly, would rather waste their weekends away by drunkenness and doing drugs. Will is forced to stay at his friends house when his parents are alcohol addiction in order to avoid the violence that follows alcohol, Im not going home until tomorrow, when mom and dad are sober (388). In doing so, Will is exposed to watching his friend smoke crack.When confronted by his father about the offer presented by Mrs. Smythe, Will is immediately accused for grave her about the abuse occurring at home. Wills father uses intimidation to overwhelm Will with fear towards sharing with others what takes place at home. instead o f apologizing, and sensing that his son may not want to live at home anymore, Wills father shows anger towards Will. All of the conflicts involved in this short story are a direct result of hundreds of years of colonialism and oppression. The European system that was taking over First Nations peoples and their lands was that of patriarchy.A male dominated social system brought about massive sexual exploitation amongst First Nations women whoredom is a graphic example of how deeply patriarchy has wounded the lives of this detail group of women. First Nations women, and men for that matter, did not have the former to tame the forceful European invasion. Prostitution in First Nations women is obvious enjoin of oppression and colonialism that is still very visible today. Ever since the first European contact, First Nations women have been sexually exploited.The first brothels in Canada were set up around military bases and trading posts, European men demanded sexual handiness to th e defenseless First Nations women. In order to supply the business of prostitution, a low self esteem and demoralized group of women is required. Through the supply of colonialism, the oppression involved allowed the First Nations women to fall into this lifestyle. Colonialism, childishness sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse and neglect, family addictions, husband violence, and alcoholism are all rattling ssues that lead First Nations women into prostitution. Lorne Croziers Dark Ages of the Sea reflects First Nations peoples as a metaphor of being children that fall into wells, there was a time when / children brutish into wells (6-7).This reflects First Nations peoples helplessly falling to the power of the European invasion. A race of people who had no education about the effects of what was happening to them, hopeless like a child falling into a well. When Europeans came overseas and found this hot land, they were blind to the ways First Nations peoples lived their lives nd a faith in things invisible, be it water neer seen or something trembling in the air (12-15). The excitement of the European people when finding this new land blinded them towards the rights of First Nations peoples. The new wet travelled to arrive at this new land, was the water never seen (13-14). unheeding of what happened to the First Nations peoples and the land that is rightfully theirs. Sensing opportunity, the Europeans wanted to expand into this foreign land they have stumbled across, something / trembling in the air (14-15).Once realizing the unstoppable power of the Europeans, the First Nations spirits were severely damaged, We are born to fall / and children fell (16-17). This resembles the wounded spirits of the First Nations peoples, slipping into the realm of violence and abuse. The go members of the First Nations community passed along the stories of suffer and change that came about through the establishment of colonialism and oppression, Some surviving / to tell the tale (18-19).Like a new born calf whose mother passed at birth, blinded and wet, experiencing a new world outside its womb with no guidance the First Nations peoples were utterly introduced into a new world, blind towards the harsh reality in which the Europeans were about to instill upon them with no guidance, Wet and blind with terror / like a calf (22-23). Over the past 400 years, First Nations peoples have been essay to improve their lives. Re-establishing old traditions and values that have been lost throughout years of oppression has been a very slow process.With the help of non-First Nation peoples in Canada, realizing the detrimental damage that has been caused, there are establishments and groups all across Canada connective the fight to replenish what has been torn apart. The teachings and rich traditions that the First Nations peoples have demonstrable are being shared and taught at a rate that is change magnitude as time passes along.Works Cited Timeline Canadas Residential School History. virtualmuseum. ca. virtual museum, n. d. Tues. 16 Nov. 2010. History of Indian Residential Schools. afn. ca. afn, n. d. Tues. 16 Nov. 2010. Lynn, Jacqueline. Prostitution of First Nations adult female in Canada. sisyphe. org. sisyphe, 17 May. 2005. Tues. 16 Nov. 2010. Dr. Korn, Leslie. Community Trauma and Development. centerfor conventionalmedicine.orgcenter for traditional medicine, Aug. 1997. Tues. 16 Nov. 2010.Aboriginal Issues. socialjustice.orgsocial justice, n. d. 16 Nov. 2010. Robinson, Eden. Traplines. The Wascana ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT FICTION. 1999. 378-395. Print. Crozier, Lorne. Dark Ages of the Sea. Cyr, Annette. recollective Term Effects of Residential School. suite101. com. suite101, 3 Mar. 2009. Tues. 16 Nov. 2010.

Child Development Stages

Unit 201 Child and freshborn person culture Outcome 3 Understand the likely effects of passings on baberen and new-made people 3. 1 Identify the transitions generated by most pip-squeakren and young people 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions whitethorn furbish up shaverren and young peoples deportment and development Under apiece heading, rationalize how each aspect may impact on a sisters behaviour &038 development, giving examples. Puberty Growth spurts, earliest bloomers, late bloomers, jealousy from late bloomers, personal odour, self conscious of trunk changing.Males, become t solelyer and stronger, personate repositions , body odour may develop and he may need to turn out using deodorant. They become moody at times and p arnts need to try and understand this to help in that location immature heading with changes. The most important factors in the adolescence through puberty is peers, family and nurture. either disturbance in these 3 factors st inkpot be a soggy burden on this growing baby. This could lead to depression, drugs, criminal acts and much. Starting schooldays- From pre school to primary (Reception syndicate). Child could quality nervous and feeling insecure.May take in primary with no friends from pre-school. New faces, untested friendships. Learning to dress themselves for P. E, to a greater extent than independence needed. How may this profess the shavers behaviour and development? Starting school -( cont from above) If pincer J slips through the cracks, is non offered reassurance by his teacher or by parents, he will continue to feel left out. He will then become withdrawn and specify himself from every atomic number 53 and every issue. He will transcend moxie in class and because he has isolated himself from peers, he superpower start to feel that he is on his own.He will then start to enjoy his own company. He will non have any social skills and will not transmit beyond this point. If c hild J starts school and this kind of behaviour is picked up early &038 he is offered reassurance from his parents, teacher and all that are a positive role in his life things could be very different. The more than positive the parents are, the more the child will be. He will blow up in school and be able to transport tumesce with the teacher and peers. Moving class or school Moving from reply class to year one.Children start to follow the national curriculum and are a good deal taught more baronially. It ordure effect a child who is used to learning through play, suddenly they have to work in a formal way for longer periods. More learning , less free time. intensify of teacher, teaching assistant ( have a supply teacher). Affects learning, self esteem, not wanting to go to school. Eg. ) We move to England when my son was 4 years old. On arrival he attended primary school A, he did reception class and year one at this school.By the time he got to year 2, I felt the teac her was very laid back and I was not happy with her method of teaching. I then moved him out of school A in the middle of year 2 and moved him to school B. It was a different area. He had to then start all over again, new school, start to make a entire new circle of friends. In school B this is where the bullying started. He kept it very quiet and it was not till I was approached by one of the mothers at the school, she informed me that my son was beingness bullied.I mind I was doing the best for my son by moving him into a new school because all I wanted was for him to thrive. Moving school was not a good choice, instead of thriving, he was unhappy, it adverted his self esteem and he became withdrawn. I should have considered my sons happiness. This is better Kamilla, you have used a good example. Starting Secondary School There are differences in the curriculum and the way subjects are taught. many children may find that in that location close friends have transferred into different schools, so they must develop new friendships.Although transitions can be knotty, moving on can also be a positive and exciting experience eg) Biggest to smallest, timetables, many schools feed friendships, change of classes, change of subjects, start to carry bags, finding there way some the school. Eg. ) The quiet shy male /female student may fall into the clutches of the group of peers. To nullify being bullied or to try and go away in with the In kids he/ she will go to the ends of the earth to avoid being made fun of. In some schools there is initiation. Some children lose their confidence right at the start of secondary school. . 2 Identify transitions that only some children and young people may experience e. g bereavement 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young peoples behaviour and development Under each heading, explain how each aspect may impact on a childs behaviour &038 development, giving examples. Bereavement Following a finale of a parent or someone close to a child can be traumatic. If child was living with one parent this may mean a change in carer and perhaps a move into residential or foster care. Loss of parent is devastating . prolong an eye on change of behaviour .Grief goes through several(prenominal) changes Eg) Anger, denial, withdrawn and crying all the time. It may affect memory, concentration and learning. This repugn lasts for months and can last for two or more years. It can affect children in different ways. Eg. ) There are children who continue to do well in school following the death of a loved one. These children go unnoticed. They my use the tasks of school work or sports to block out agonised feelings or thoughts, or they may feel a need to outdo because of a feeling that the parent is watching them and will want to face the deceased parent how much they care in this way.This type of answer to loss can result in stress related health problems later on in life, as we ll as potential physical and emotional difficulties from unresolved grief. How to Help Maintain routines in school Be realistic about expectations for pedantic achievement Allow arrive at opportunities Remember that some children continue to have academic difficulties up to 2 years following a death, and sometimes beyond Make exceptions for sports booking sports can help with the healing process Refer to the school pleader Communicate with the parentsRespect the childs need to grieve Avoid telling the child to Move on or Get over it. Create an emotionally safe classroom Learn about childrens grief Recognize that yearning grief can come at developmental stages, years aft(prenominal) a death occurs Be patient Affirm the person, regardless of academic performance new baby The older children experience change, Younger children lots find changes tin family life because of the new arrival, particularly difficult to cope with. Eg) My son was was an only child till he was 10years old .We always did everything thing together, I over smothered him and therefore he was not an self-governing child. Once his sister was born, he became mature over night and became more independent. I feel this was a positive change in his life. His midget sister looks up to him. Think also about a child that feels left out, how may that affect their behaviour and development The first child may experience a range of emotions, from excitement to jealousy or compensate resentment. Younger toddlers are unable to verbalize their feelings, and their behaviours may turn back after the new child is born.They might suck their thumb or drink a bottle, forget their recent potty training skills and communicate baby talk in an effort to get your attention. Older toddlers and kids might express their feelings by testing your patience, misbehaving, throwing tantrums, or refusing to eat. These problems are usually con lived and a little preparation can help and older child adjust to the idea of welcoming a new sibling. moving dramatics A family may move house either into a poorer surround where there may be high incidences of crime or into a better area where they are more open spaces.A child that moves into a new area will leave behind friends and widen families. How will this affect their behaviour and development A new house, new environment, new area can affect a child in many different ways. A new surrounding depending, can affect a child by making them feel unsettled. Unfamiliar faces, unfamiliar scents, unfamiliar bedrooms can set a child back. The breakdown of connections with peers, discontinuance of group activities, distress and worries related to a new environment are potentially psychologically distressing events for young children.Frequent exposure to these events can be stressful and confusing and may affect their psychosocial wellbeing, thus increase their intention toward ending their life if they are unable to cope. parent divorcement &038 separatio n Both familiar routines and lifestyles will change. Children will become more independent when there is only one parent. Sometimes they think it is there fault. Some children become withdrawn from everyone. Some children rebel, school work may suffer. Do you have any examples Eg) Child Z was 13years old when his parents got separated.His body was going through major changes hormonally. Once his parents separated he became a different child. He automatically became the man of the house. He rebelled against his mother, had no respect, came radical when he pleased, his school work suffered. He disrespected everyone round and was very well influenced. He got into trouble with the law due to peer pressure. When you put all this kind of behaviour, this child was seeking attention. His grandparents intervened, sat him down and had a one to one with him.He informed them that he felt that his parents had split up because of him, he felt that he couldnt bare to see his milliampere in te ars all the time. He also mentioned that there was no stability in the house and it was very unsettling for him, hence his behaviour. Fostered/ looked after children If fostered because parents cant cope eg) because of drug abuse, alcohol abuse. Foster children are commonly placed miles away from where they grew up. Issues of distance. Foster kids are normally moved around due to behaviour or reasons out of their control.Some children experience feelings being unsettled. Some children are already damaged before they are even fostered eg) Due to unsettled background. They make take several behaviours with them, insecure , difficult to make friends lack of trust. Good Well done Kamilla. You have spread out your answers, but occasionally didnt really say what affect the transition had on behaviour and development. I will chat to you about this on Tuesday morning. See you then Could you leave the comments on your answers please it shows I am doing my job. Thank you. E assessed 16th October, 2011

Cosmology in Milton’s Paradise Lost Essay

The Oxford English Dictionary sees population as the world or world as an ordered and compatible brass, from the Greek, kosmos, referring to an ordered and/or ornamental thing. When perfection created the world he had this in mind. To defy a harmonious system in the universe where everything do- nonhing live in peace and free of all worry. God was on top and everything was peaceful. Until the angles in Miltons nirvana disordered had a fight. after the fight God banished these bad angels and had the last part of his universe created, hell.This unblemished a very complex picture of Miltons vision of the universe in the author. The encyclopedic writers of the early(a) Middle Ages communicated a modest miscellanea of basic cosmological information, drawn from a variety of ancient sources, in particular Platonic and Stoic. These writers proclaimed the sphericity of the earth, discussed its circumference, and defined its climatic zones and division into continents. They dep ict the celestial sphere and the circles used to map it worldy revealed at to the lowest degree an elementary arrangement of the solar, lunar and other tellurian motions.They discussed the nature and sizing of the sun and moon on, the cause of eclipses, and a variety of metrological phenomena. A nonher bracelet was the frequent argument of the twelfth- one C authors that God limited His creative activity to the morsel of creation thereafter, they held, the natural causes that He had created directed the course of things. Twelfth-century cosmologists stressed the unified, innate character of the cosmos, ruled by a world soul and form together by astrological forces and the macrocosm-microcosm relationship.In an important continuation of early medieval thought, twelfth-century scholars described a cosmos that was fundamentally homogeneous, composed of the selfsame(prenominal) elements from top to bottom Aristotles quintessence or aether and his asc stopping pointent dichoto my between the celestial and satelliteary regions had not to that degree do their presence felt. Cosmology, like so galore(postnominal) other subjects, was transformed by the wholesale translation of Greek and Arabic sources in the twelfth and 13th centuries.Specifically, the Aristotelian tradition gained refer stage in the thirteenth century and gradually substituted its conception of the cosmos for that of Plato and the early Middle Ages. This is not to advise that Aristotle and Plato dis see to itd on all the important issues on many of the basics they were in full accord. Aristotelians, like Platonists, conceived the cosmos to be a great (but unimp apieceably finite) sphere, with the endurens above and the earth at the center.All agreed that it had a beginning in time although some Aristotelians of the thirteenth century were prepared to advocate that this could not be established by philosophical arguments. Nobody representing all school of thought doubted that the cosmos was unique although nearly everybody ac fellowshipd that God could have created multiple worlds, it is difficult to assume that anybody seriously believed He had make so. However, where Aristotle and Plato disagreed, the Aristotelian world picture gradually displaced the Platonic. One of the major differences implicated the issue of homogeneity.Aristotle divided the cosmic sphere into two distinct regions, make of different stuff and operating according to different principles. Below the moon is the terrestrial region, formed out of the four elements. This region is the scene of contemporaries and corruption, of birth and death, and of transient (typically rectilinear) motions. Above the moon are the celestial spheres, to which the fix stars, the sun and the remaining planets are attached. This celestial region, composed of aether or the quintessence (the fifth element), is characterized by unchanging perfection and uniform posting motion.Other Aristotelian contribution s to the cosmological picture were his elaborate system of planetary spheres and the principles of causation by which the celestial motions produced generation and corruption in the terrestrial realm. A variety of Aristotelian features, then, merged with traditional cosmological beliefs to define the essentials of new medieval cosmology a cosmology that became the shared expert property of educated Europeans in the course of the thirteenth century.Universal covenant of much(prenominal) magnitude emerged not because the educated felt compelled to yield to the dominance of Aristotle, but because his cosmological picture offered a persuasive and satisfying calculate of the world as they perceived it. Nonetheless, certain elements of Aristotelian cosmology right away became the objects of criticism and debate, and it is here, in the attempt to flesh out and fine-tine Aristotelian cosmology and bring it into harmony with the opinions of other authorities and with biblical teachi ng, that medieval scholars make their cosmological contribution.But the around invadeing institutionalize slightly Milton? s cosmology is this why, when he knew of the discoveries Galileo had make with his telescope-as Book VIII clearly proves-and must(prenominal) have accepted the validity of the Copernican cosmology, wich our planetary system revolves, did Milton bum his universe upon the Ptolematic pattern?The answer lies in the literary advantages of accepting the aged(a) though erreoneous concept it was known, and Copernicanism was strongly resisted and sole(prenominal) slowly accepted the Ptolematic system was orderly, it laid down limits within wich Milton found it easier to work, and it made God and man the two ends of a chain-man can ascend, onward and ever upward, to union with the divinity, and this could never have happened in an open-ended Copernican universe.From the early through the late Middle Ages, Europeans moved from a disorganized, almost mystical way of mentation about the universe to an acceptance of a well-ordered, geocentric universe found upon the ideas of Greek philosophers such as Ptolemy and Aristotle. In this universe, the humanity was at the center and other heavenly bodies rotated more or less it in a serial publication of concentric spheres . The entire system was powered by the primum mobile, or aboriginal Mover, which was the outermost sphere set in motion directly by God.This Primum Mobile trasformed the love of God for mankind into energy and provided the impetus that made the whole universe rotate It took some very creative thought to make this universe work well. For example, the retrograde motion of the planets in which they sometimes have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to be changing directions and moving backwards was explained by way of epicycles (see the diagram on the right below). Specifically, it was proposed that the planets rotated around a center point fixed in place on the sphere of that plane t, causing the unmistakable change in the direction of planetary motion.The seven known planets orbited the Earth, each one? atmosphere pushing round the one next at heart it by friction all of this motion created a beautiful unison of the spheres which could not be detected by humans (at least not until after they died and went to heaven), but which provided pleasure for angels and other supernatural beings. The outermost orbit, that of the planet Saturn, was itself surrounnded by the spere of the fixed stars (Book III,481) and outside that again was the vast expanse of the irrigate of firmament, also called by Milton the Crystalline firmament, as distinct from the waters on the earth and under the earth, had been used by God as an insulating ceiling esigned to protect His Chaos through wich Satan flies at the end of Book II.The whole universe was suspended from Heaven (also frequently called the Empyrean) by a golden chain. Since medieval Europeans had no conception of a vac uum, it was believed that the field were filled with a celestial fluid that flowed as the spheres of the universe rotated, frankincense sustaining the motion of the planets. In Heaven, God sits on His throne supported by four seraphim, the most powerful of the nine orders of angels wich had remained loyal. he middle Ages believed literally that it was Divine Love that made the world go round.The rebel tenth part who had revolted under Satan had been hurled down into another dread realm, Hell, created for them to occupy beyond the domain of Chaos and Old Night to the outer surface of our universe. Deceiving Uriel, regent(postnominal) of the sun, he flies down to Eden. The subsequent movements of both Satan and the guardians of heaven are explained in Books IV and IX with detailed astronomical references. that as the physical universe was thought to be centered around the Earth, the psychological universe of Medieval Europeans revolved around humans. Any visualizeing of the psycho logy and behavior of individuals at that time requires a consideration of the soulfulnesss desire for eternal salvation. For Medieval European Christians, time had basically two divisions The brief and insignificant one in which they lived out their vicious lives, and the cosmically enduring one in which the suffering or joy of their souls would occur.In Medieval Europe, there was no room for abnormality or nonconformity, as ANY deviation was considered to be the work of the devil. A hierarchy was everywhere in all things. People accepted their place in the favorable order no matter how lowly it might have been, and everything in the world had the potential for symbolizing something supernatural. People perceived messages from God in virtually every natural and human event. However, By the 17th century, the Copernican and Galilean models gained ground, and replaced this worldview.It was still an attractive philosophical construction and one that persisted for a long time in the collective Renaissance wittingness. Milton, who chose to use the Ptolemaic cosmology for his Paradise Lost, was not alone in Renaissance publications to hold on to the Medieval worldview, if not in scientific earnest, as a poetical conceit (cf. Donnes The First Anniversary and sizeable Friday, 1613). Nothing less than the creation and ordering of the universe defines the scope of Paradise Lost.The epic explores its cosmological theme in theoretical discussions between cristal and Raphael and in the narrators verbal descriptions and metaphors. Further, Milton imagines Satan surveying the universe in an expedition of discovery through a new world in his fall from Heaven and his passage through Chaos to Earth. tenner tries to understand the earths physical place in the universe and its associated ontological and theological value as the home of man.He wonders aloud about this Earth a spot, a grain,/ An Atom, with the Firmament compard/ And all her numbered Starrs, that seem to rowl /Spaces incomprehensible (PL8. 17-21). Milton asks us to imagine the first man struggling with many of the same scruples a Renaissance thinker, contemplating new models of the universe, must have considered. In response to the theory that everything revolves around the sun and not the earth, philosophers were forced to question the importance of mans role in the universal order.Raphael, responding to Adams concerns, suggests there is no reason bodies bright and greater should not serve / The less not bright, nor Heavn such journies run / Earth sitting still (PL8. 87-9). Yet, the poem does not answer all such questions directly, and scholars often find it difficult to determine Miltons attitude toward science. In these debates, it is helpful to remember that Milton was not a scientist but a theorist.He did not contribute to scientific knowledge so much as to an understanding of what new scientific ideas might mean to traditional Christian cosmology. He meditates on this in conditio nal modes, as does Raphael in his description of the universe What if the Sun/ Be Centre to the World (PL 8. 122-3). In the mid-sixteenth century, Nicolaus Copernicus and his followers, most notably Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei, disturbed the entire Christian world by proposing a heliocentric model of the universe that displaced the earth, and by extension humanity, from the center.As the renewal progressed, resulting theological debates acquired political importance and Milton, as a politically conscious theologian, addressed these issues in Paradise Lost. Critics debate the extent of Miltons interest in the advancement of science. Catherine Gimelli Martin notes that many find his cosmology stands on the amiss(p) side of the great scientific revolution initiated by Copernicus, furthered by Galileo, and completed by Newton (What If the Sun Be Centre 233).However, Martin argues that classifying Milton as scientifically backward is a mistake resulting from our modern society we too advantageously forget that during this formative period, no advancement of learning, scientific or otherwise, could yet be conceived as succeeding apart from the requisite disclaimers about the lunacy of seeking superhuman knowledge and the proper assurances of humility before high of Divine Wisdom (Martin 231-2).Modern readers tend to treat scientific knowledge as inevitably progressive and therefore expect in Milton an gustatory sensation of our modern scientific values and knowledge. As a rationalist, Milton must have admired the new sciences but, as a classicist and a Christian theologian, he had not yet placed scientific knowledge frontward of piety or biblical knowledge. William Poole notes the danger of seeing in Milton an advance scientific philosopher and warns we should be extremely wary forcing Milton into clothes he does not fit (Milton and Science A Caveat 18).However, within the middle ground, scholars agree with Martin that Milton appreciated the value of scientific thought and development, although he may have doubted the reach of this branch of human knowledge. Cosmology appears in Paradise Lost through direct scientific references, incorporation of new scientific theories into non-homogeneous characters worldviews, and warnings against seeking beyond the limits of human knowledge. Martin observes Galileo or his telescope is approvingly cited on five separate occasions in Miltons epic (the only contemporary reference to appear at all) (Martin 238).

Organisational Culture Change in British Airways

It is overly one of the worlds all-night established airlines British Airways disposes of a well-established International reputation, it is at that placefore pertinent to analyses the guilds routine to ethnical transmits. Similarly to other airlines companies. It has suffered from the contemporary economical recession and had to seem the crisis. In order to respond to the latter, the company used plaqueal farming flip-flop. Furthermore, it is beta to look at the concept of organizational enculturation in order to acquire a better downstairsstanding of the situation. fit to Jacques (1952) The refinement of the mill is its customary and traditional way of hinging and doing things, which is sh atomic number 18d to a greater or lesser degree by all Its members, and which sensitive members must(prenominal) learn, and at least partially accept, In order to be accepted Into improvement In the firm. Culture In this sense covers a wide kitchen range of bearing In other words, the concept of cultural organization possesses a strong historical background.Jacques (1952) comp ars it to an k directlyledgeal process, which indoctrinates all the members of a company. Standardizing these third parties behavior and way of thinking. Terms of reference To analyses the type of gardening existing deep down British Airways * To examine the reputation of elaboration within British Airways * To delimit if there is or non a necessity for cultural win over within British Airways * To dish British Airways in their noveltys from one culture to another if a culture change is required.Literature survey I en alma AT tans research comprehend Is to analyses Brattles Airways process AT cultural lengthening and to determine British Airways regards to change its culture. Several theories provoke been develop in order to explain the cultural procedure. The perpetuation of the culture check to Andrew Brown (1998, p. 55) there a 3 mannequins to the transition o f the culture in an organization Predilection This phase embraces place before the company hires the being. The caller effectuates research about the company.Following the researches they choose (or not) to apply to become part of the organization. * charm During this map, advanced recruits learn more about the culture of the organization, the beliefs, the norms, the value, * Solicitation is a vague procedure that leads to incorporation or a rejection of the recruit. * Incorporation/resection This phase is conclusive the recruit is either inserted or excluded from the enterprise. Due to its 90 days of history, British airways dispose of a complex solicitation reoccurred that elaborates the adaptation of the new recruits.The occurrence of culture change Greet Hefted and Cert. Jan Hefted (2005, p. 312) tell that before utmost if there is or not an obligation for culture change, it is important to take into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of the present culture, to define if the present culture can be long-lasting If the attracters want to establish a new culture and if it is possible to install a new culture in the organization. It is also essential to estimate reliably the costs that a new culture would generate as well as the benefits it pull up stakes provide to the company, etc.These questions must inevitably be answered to intend to change the culture. According to evasion (2003, p. 294) the machine of change depends on the deliver of the organizations organic organic evolution. thither are 2 primaeval procedures of development * General Evolution general evolution implies a development of the entire company in general. * Specific Evolution Specific evolution concerns the development of defined sectors of the company. Success in organizational culture transition Brown (1998, p. 46) explains that a culture transition is considered successful if it solves the dilemmas generated by the crisis the organization is facing. In the ot her case, if the new culture does not engender sizable allows, it provide lead to a rejection of the recent culture. Culture and leadership Scheme (2003, p. 291) stated that in organizations, leaders create culture. Scheme also mare Tanat ten culture proceeds Trot tenure sources D Ana values AT the creator of the company II. The experience of the employees Ill. The new beliefs and values of the new employees and leaders On the word of Capon (2000, p. 24) the culture of an organization is the result of a blend of several outer cultures brought by each employee, which makes every organizational culture unique. Scheme and Capon consider that the organizational culture is internal and outdoor(a) . According to Needle (1988, p. 77) the leaders role in the cultural transition is indispensable. The leader guides the firm and the employees through the crisis, the changing processes, etc. Hefted & Jan Hefted (2005, p. 311) developed prof Bernhard whites theory.The professor stated t hat successful organizational culture transition is the result of a coalition between the Monochromatic (the leader) and the facilitator (the ingenious). Culture change at British Airways British airways previous culture transition (in 1987) was nominate on Linens Unfreezing, change, and refreezing theory as Brown (1998 p. 140) explains Unfreezing The unfreezing process is the stage during which the company realizes that there is a need for change. It is a stage of preparation. * Change stage during which the changes occur.This stage is uncertain, the company is not aware of the consequences these changes can generate in the future. * Refreezing stage of stabilization, the organization focuses on maintaining stability. The changes become part of the culture. Methodology This report is based on several sources of culture Notably, British Airways official website www. Brainwashes. Co. UK. The website is formal, and contains accurate information. Although, its theme cannot be cons idered as objective due to the fact that it has been created by the company.Thus, intends that the information displayed are the ones British Airways chose to diffuse. The B. A annual report also disposes of information but there is still a possible subjectivity on the reports data. Southampton Solvent Library database contains many articles and studies on BAA . Multiple newspapers such(prenominal) as The Guardian and The Daily Mail dispose of numerous articles on the topic. Culture Change The information about culture change were found in the multiple books named in the Reference section.Results Linens Unfreezing- Change- Refreezing Theory Kurt Lenin considered that organizational change occurs through 3 phases 1 1 en entrepreneur cognizance appears,ten leaders take conscience AT ten excellent problem. There are two categories of unfreezing rites The rites of questioning and destruction 0 which requires to present evidences that employees or system do not function appropriately. T his rites sometimes demands the intervention of external consultant due to the fact that their opinion about the individuals or the company will be more objective.The rites of rationalization and legitimating 0 the individuals concerned by the changes must explain why they are essential to the company. Training and education programs are vital to the Unfreezing process. 2. The change Is the stage where change appears. There are two types in this phase The rites of degradation and conflict 0 during these rites, the lag unable or unwilling to recognize and approve the need for change will be subd by more cooperative personnel. The rites of passage and enhancement 0 these rites are employed to confront the opposition to change.Several methods such as promotions, learning programs and new Job titles are applied. The innovations become more comprehendible to the employees, during this period of transition. 3. The refreezing Is the final stage of Linens theory. The employees attempt to dissolve instability, they are now accustomed to the changes, there is no requirement for external consultancies, The refreezing phase contains that one type of rites, The rites of integration and conflict reduction these rites create residency in the organization, derogate the misunderstandings between the personnel and the departments.Also these rites stabilize the changing process. To deck Linens theory, an analysis of British Airways previous cultural change is going to be examined. Linens theory applied within British Airways, Brown (1998, p. 144) In the 1980, under the Thatchers regime, British Airways metamorphosed from a governmental possession too private ownership. According to various external opinions, this conversion required a cultural change. The cultural change materialized through Linens Unfreezing-change-Refreezing theory.Unfreezing awhile the unfreezing process, three major stages were defined. First of all, the simplification of the number of response, 2 2 000 employees were dismissed. Second of all, new leaders were selected, Loran Klan as cameraman Ana Colon Marshall as c o Humanly, ten training program Putting people first was specially created for the personnel in direct contact with the costumers to ameliorate the quality of their service. Change DOT assist this phase, many training programs as Managing People First and Leading The service business were utilized in British Airways special training centre.Personal feedbacks were accessible to each employee, in order to improve their performances. Defective systems were withdrawn. Refreezing 0 This stage consists in fixing the changes. The changes are part of the culture, new uniforms are utilized, airplanes are ameliorated. To conclude, this transition was successful but it has not been effortless. During the early stage, several employees were not convinced by the changes. Professor Bernhard Whites theory This theory states that the leader and the expert experience the capa city to make a transition successful if they cooperate.Discussion The results attest that British Airways have a constant need to modify the culture due to the fact that the organization is continually confronting a crisis or a major tutorial change. In effect, British Airways was first a government property, in 1987, the government decided to privative British Airways. The company was then get to change its culture in order to facilitate the ownership transition. external advisers were required, new leaders were designated personnel programs to train employees were created, the workforce was decreased to minimize the expenses of the company.Economical crisis The economic recession originated in the United States of America has also reached atomic number 63 and has weakened several European countries and companies. British Airways was certainly no exception. British Airways as well as many other British enterprises have been severely affected by the pecuniary crisis. The company lost an important amount capital and had to dismiss several employees. Willie Walsh, British Airways chief executive, stated The airline manufacturing is enduring the toughest times in its history and we stick out more pain before things improve.We are taking the right short-run action to survive the downturn. We will not let this crisis compromise our long-run goal-to create a world-leading global premium airline with a reputation for being the very best at meeting its customers needs. (British Airways 2008/2009 annual report and accounts) The company is aware of the difficulty they are confronted to. British Airways exposes volition to quash these difficulties. The company demonstrates an optimistic blew. Brattles Already NAS developed awareness towards the hardship the financial crisis has generated.By admitting their issues, British Airways has crossed the first step of the Linens theory. From that moment the company will have to make an important decision that will have a significant influence on its future and on its employees. The enterprise will have to decide whether or not there is a need to alter its organizational culture. Environmental crisis British airways as well as many other airlines companies had to expect the environmental crisis due to the consciousness summit about the climate change.In effect, human beings are aware that they are maltreating the planet, they have expressed they volition to minimize gas emissions. Knowing that the airline industry is by far the most pollutant, numerous of clients and potential clients minimized their travels by plane. To face this type of crisis, British airways will have to invest bullion in the research of new technologies in order to later replace fuel by environmental friendly combustible. In April 2010, British airways as well as every other airline company had to face a major environmental issue.

Renaissance Art and Culture

Although the conversion saw revolutions in umteen intellectual activities, as wholesome as social and semipolitical confusion, it is perhaps best kn proclaim for its blindistic developments. Leonardo dad Vinci and Michelangelo were elysian by the term renascence cosmos. spiritual rebirth influence was snarl in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual matter. conversion scholars used the t eat uperist regularity in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. The civilizations of Greece and Rome were rediscovered, stir an interest in Classical learning which challenged medieval beliefs and ideas.The population was neat wealthier which led to an increase in trade and travel and the spread of radical ideas. The rise in prosperity also generated an interest in education, back up the flourishing of the arts and promoted scientific discoveries and new inventions. Perhaps the closely great of these wa s the printing press, which allowed the distri only ifion of information to a much wider audience than constantly before, further increasing the demand for more knowledge. INFLUENCE OF metempsychosis conversion was much more than a rebirth of classical art. It was a rejection of the warmness Ages, which were Just ending.During medieval times, the arts were concerned mainly with religion, with the life of the spirit, with the hereafter. itty-bitty importance was given to life on earth except as a preparation for the next world. hardly as the 1 fifth vitamin C began, Italians were turning their attention to the world about them. People started to hypothecate more about nonstructural, or nonreligious, matters. They began placing faith in their own qualities and their own importance. This new spirit was called humanism. Discipline, unquestioning faith, obedience to authoritythese medieval benefits were o longer blindly accepted.People asked questions and wanted to find their ow n answers. Artists were among the source touched by the new spirit of humanism. In their perish they began to focus on human life on earth. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART The Italian Renaissance was integrity of the well-nigh productive periods in the explanation of art, with giving numbers of outstanding masters to be found in many centers and in all the major fields mental picture, sculpture, and architecture. In Florence, in the first half of the fifteenth coulomb, there were great innovators in all these fields, whose snip raked a beginning off new era in the history of art.The idea of artistic genius became popular Michelangelo was called divine because of the greatness of his fanciful powers. In the Renaissance, art and science were closely connected. Both the artist and the scientist strove for the ascendancy of the physical world, and the art of painting profited by two fields of study that may be called scientific anatomy, which do possible a more accurate representati on of the human body, and mathematical perspective. Humanistic education, based on ethics and the liberal arts, was pushed s a way to create experienced citizens who could actively dampicipate in the political process.Humanists celebrated the mind, beauty, power, and enormous dominance of human beings. They believed that people were able to experience God assumely and should earn a personal, emotional relationship to their faith. God had made the world solely humans were able to sh atomic number 18 in his glory by seemly creators themselves. INFLUENCE ON PAINTING The painting in France was known as Florentine painting. The techniques favored by the Florentine were tempera and fresco. The Tempera impression In tempera painting a dry surface was used. A wooden panel was grounded with several coats of daub in glue, and the work was and then copied from a drawing.The garbles were tempered with egg or vegetable albumin. The paint Painting The fresco technique, used for the mura l paintings in Florentine churches, refer painting on wet plaster. The sketch was first copied on the plaster wall in rough outline, and the part on which the painter was passing to work during a given day was then covered with rattling plaster. The painter had to redraw the part that had been covered by the new plaster and adjoin the colors. As the plaster dried, the colors came a permanent part of it. ARTISTS DURING RENAISSANCE The beginning of the great Florentine school of painting came in the lay Ages.Leonardo dad Vinci 0 Michelangelo The climax of late 1 5th-century painting came in the work of Leonardo dad Vinci (1452-1519). Leonardo studied painting in Florence, but he spent much of his life working in Milan. The last few years of his life were spent in France in the service of King Francis l. Leonardo is the perfect example of the Renaissance man because he was interested in and well informed about a great many subjects literature, science, thematic, artalmost everythi ng about man and record. the like many artists of the time, he was a sculptor and an architect as well as a painter.His paintings, particularly The Last Supper, the Mona Lisa, and The Madonna of the Rocks, pay made him famous. The unique way he handled light and shadow is his most laughable characteristic. Leonardo remarkable ability to grasp and express the mysteries of man and nature made him wholeness of the great of all painters. He worked on the painting OF THE LAST SUPER from about 1495 to 1497. When compared to previous paintings of the same subject, its originality becomes evident. All extras have been eliminated the distant landscape, seen through the windows, increases rather than distracts from the main subject. in that location are no human figures other than deliveryman and his disciples. All are placed on integrity side of a long table earlier artists had placed Judas across the table from the rest. To give dynamic character to a scene envision in standing t erms, Leonardo chose the moment when Jesus announced one of the disciples would betray him. This terrible declaration sends a shock wave of trace through the twelve. Each is clearly differentiated from the others in the attitude and sutures with which he reacts to the Masters words, and yet all form a unity. The twelve are dual-lane into four groups of three, each group having its own distinct character.In the center is Jesus, whose aim forms a triangle, a form on which Leonardo paintings were normally based. Jesus is serene and unmoved by the effect of his words. These are the qualities of the High Renaissance style simplicity austere rejection of the incidental and the merely pretty nobleness and grandeur in the figures involved in actions of depth and significance. Michelangelo star of the greatest sixteenth-century artists was Michelangelo Bonaparte (1475-1564). In sculpture, architecture, and painting he was so outstanding that he was called divine.He became fascinated with the problems of representing the human body, and he devoted himself completely to mastering them. In 1505 Michelangelo was called by Pope Julius II to Rome, where he was assigned to work on a number of projects. The most essential were The Popes tomb, The decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in the Vatican The new basilica of SST. Pewters The Sistine ceiling, which took 4 years to paint downstairs difficult conditions, is composed of hundreds of figures from the Old Testament. In all his representations of the human figure, whether in sculpture or in painting, Michelangelo strove to make them monuments.With the art of Michelangelo the High Renaissance came to its climax. His work, in fact, betrayed signs of a changing attitude in the art of the day. The twisted, hagridden figures and the compressed space of his painting of The Last Judgment. Influence of Renaissance on Venice and northmostern Italy Venice was the most important northern Italian city of the Renaissanc e. The Venetians lived a happy and luxurious life. Enjoying the benefits of an active trade tit the east, they imported silks, Jewels, slaves, and strange foods. Close connections with Eastern art and a naturally colorful kettle of fish inspired the Venetian painters to use bright color.They were influenced by the new scientific developments in Florentine art. But their use of anatomy and perspective was combine with their love of color and pageantry. One of the most important north Italian painters was Andrea Antenna (1431-1506). Born in Pads, a city not farther from Venice, Antenna introduced many Florentine characteristics into north Italian painting. He particularly admired the realism of Tangelos sculptures, and like Donated, he studied ancient roman type art. He used perspective to create the effect of a full stop on which his figures perform.The greatest of the 1 5th-century Venetian painters was Giovanni Beeline Antennas friendship with Beeline had a direct influence on Venetian painting. Bellinis rich, mellow color and warm excitement bring out the human qualities of his serene Madonna and saints. He was one of the first Italians to use oil paint on canvas. Two of Giovanni Bellinis pupils became the most outstanding Venetian painters of the High Renaissance. They were Giorgio and Titian. Gorinesss colorful and poetic pictures attracted a bragging(a) following of artists known as Egregiousness painters.Titian began as a Egregiousness painter but real far beyond this style. He achieved much(prenominal) mastery in the handling of bright, warm color that he was considered to be the equal of Michelangelo. In his late works figures and objects melt into a glow of light and colora treatment of painting that seems very modern. Renaissance in the North Oil painting had become popular in Venice by the end of the 15th century. The Venetians learned a great deal from Flemish artists. The Flemish painter Jan van is often given the credit for developing an important oil technique.The Flemish and German styles of the early 1 5th century were completely different from the early Renaissance style of the Florentine. Instead of truthful geometric arrangements of three-dimensional figures, as in Mosaics paintings, the northern Europeans aimed at creating practical(prenominal) pictures by rendering countless detailsintricate floor patterns, shroud designs, and miniature landscapes. This complex style of the north did not develop from a humanistic classical art but from the Gothic tradition of religious mysticism and tortured realism. Flemish Painting Van Cocks Madonna painted in 1436, is an excellent example of Flemish realism.All the details of the roomthe patterned carpet, the mail of Saint George, and the architecturemake this picture seem very real. There is no sign of the Italian sense of beauty here the figures are not idealized. In the faces of the people can be seen the wrinkles and imperfections of real life. One of the best-kn own Flemish artists of the second half of the 1 5th century was Hugo van deer Goes. When the Florentine painters saw Hogs work, they were impressed by its graphical quality. This Flemish influence can be seen in later Florentine nettings.Gradually the hard outlines of the Flemish style became softer because of Italian influences, and by the middle of the 16th century the ideas of the Renaissance had been absorbed into Flemish art. German Painting The German artist Albrecht Udder went to Italy, where he was impressed by the countryside and by the art he saw. While in Venice, he came to know and admire Giovanni Beeline. Beeline, in turn, admired Udders work. Udder had been trained in the Gothic tradition of German art. He had learned to imitate nature accurately and painstakingly. He was a master in the use of sensitive line in drawings, woodcuts, engravings, and paintings.The destruction of the Renaissance During the second quarter of the 16th century, mannerism began to take keep up in European art. This was the first truly international European style. Renaissance art had been typically Italian in style, but mannerism developed throughout Europe and combined many traditions. The art of northern painters such as Pitter Burgher the Elder and Udder can be considered part of this school. So can the work of Michelangelo and Tinderbox and many other 16th-century Italian artists. The work of the French painters of Fontainebleau and that of El Greece in Spain is also part of the mannerist style.Mannerism was both a reaction against and an outgrowth of the High Renaissance. It was typified by abnormally lengthened or distorted figures and the replacement of perspective with a flatter and less organized type of space. By the end of the 16th century the High Renaissance in Italy had given way to late mannerism and the early baroque. But the discoveries and ideals of the Renaissance remained as a permanent heritage to all artists who came afterward. The most important contribution of the Renaissance was its vision of man as beautiful, noble, and independent.

The Opener of Holy Quran

Introduction of Surah Al-FatihaAl-Fatiha means The Opener.Because it opens the dedicated ledger and withal by its recitation we start our orisons. It is also c every(prenominal)ed the fix of the consecrate Quran. Thats because the meaning of the self-colored Quran is summarized into surah Al-Fatiha. It is the Mecci Surah of the sanctified Quran and contains 7 rimes.But it still explains the admiration of Allah omnipotent in a actually comprehensive sort.The theme of the Surah Al-FatihaAllah has taught in this Surah to mankind to thank Allah (SWT) for everything and to offer prayer to Him, who is the Lord of this institution. Islam obliges a man to initiate everything with the name of Allah. By having a solid belief, we allow for keep ourselves away from evil and wrong deeds. then(prenominal) there is the prayer of Allah Who is Master, Owner, Sustainer, Provider, Guardian, Sovereign, Ruler, Administrator, and Organizer. Then it is added that He is the Master of the Day o f Judg workforcet, thus, everyone is accountable for his deeds. Mankind is the still revereer of the Lord and for this reason, mankind is requesting for guidance in every aspect of life story.The guidance which makes mankind favorable is required. The one who bequeath be astray will suffer the wrath of Allah (SWT).Virtues of Surah Al-FatihaThere be numerous virtues associated with this Surah. Two of them ar described below,1. Pillar of the Salah This surah has a great importance in prayer.If we dont read it in our Salah, our prayer will non be valid or void. vaticinator Muhammad (SAW) verbalize, Surah al-Fatiha is The grow of the Quran, the M some other of the Book, the Seven Oft-Repeated Verses and the Great recitation. (Tirmidhi)2. The cure for the disease Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates While on a journey we halted at a place.A girl came to us and verbalise The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst y ou who wad recite something upon him to treat him? Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment.However, our acquaintanceship went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all draw to drink. When he returned, we pick outed our friend Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him? He said No, I lonesome(prenominal) recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him. We said that do not do anything until we ambit Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and reward-whether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be utilise as a cure? (PBUH)Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a view a share for me as well. (Sahih Bukhari)Tafseer of indites of Surah Al-FatihaVerse 01, In the name of Allah It is the scratch rhythm of the Surah Al-Fatiha. It means, In the name of Allah, the beneficial and more or less merciful. It is very goodly to recite it in the first place doing any work.In The Name of Allah, The Beneficent, The soft.The beginning of the holy place Quran is with the name of Allah manufacturer, who is the most Beneficient, the most Merciful. This phrase is known as Bismillah and is essential to recite doing anything. It judges mercy and blessing of Allah and is better to recite before starting any work.Verse no 2 The second verse of the Surah-Al-Fatihah is(All) praise is (only) Allahs, the Lord of the worlds. (Al-Fatihah 2)After reciting the phrase Bism-il-lah-is-Rahim, our first objective is to bring our soul toward the Great Creator and Cherisher of the world, and His infinite rewards which collect fenced us thoroughly.Al-Hamd means give convey same is the meaning of secular, but there is a leaving between these two give voices. Hamd is done with th e love of Allah manufacturer, but on the other hand, shukar is the response of perennial bounties which were awarded by Allah Almighty.Then we come to Rabb-UL-Aalameen the meaning of Rabb is principally taken as God, but it is a lot, then that is generally translated Allah Almighty has 99 names, and all of them a possess different meanings, but the kernel meaning of them is that He is the one who is the former of everything, Who has supremacy over everything, He is the one who is the Cherisher and many more.Aalameen means the one who is Qadir (supreme) on everything, who ruled everything, who is the creator of mankind and the jinn. The virtue of the VerseSo, collectively this verse means that all of the thanks and gratitude are towards Allah Almighty, who is the creator of everything in this universe though he is a jinn or anyone from mankind.Verse no 3The third verse of the Surah-Al-Fatihah isThe Beneficent, The Merciful.(Al-Fatihah 3)The meaning of ar-Rehman is the Beneficent and ar-Rahim is the Merciful jointly with the deep sense of meaning and the difference between them, was explained with a massive length.As explained above the meaning of these two words, but whenever a word is repeated in the Holy Quran it accentuates its meaning. ar-Rehman and ar-Rahim are the most strong attributes of Allah Almighty, are repeated 30 times a daylight in our prayers.It also refers us to beg to Allah Almighty for mercy on us, Allah wants that His hoi polloi to ask Him for mercy.Verse no 4The fourth verse of Surah-Al-Fatihah isMaster of the Day of judgment.(Al-Fatihah 4)In this ayah, our heed is brought toward the second vital principle of Islam, which is the Resurrection and the Hereafter, when it says Master of the Day of judgment.It is a basic base of all moral and social developments in Man, reaches the anthesis of perfection when its attention is brought toward the end of his life and his attention is brought to where he is qualifying after this life.The word Maalik is referred to someone who possesses something completely and the Day of judgment is the day of net judgment on which everyone is brought to a platform at which umpire is done according to the law of Almighty.Allah Almighty is the Lord of everything from the day when the universe was created to the day when it is again being destroyed.The virtue of the verse This verse of the Holy Quran has a clear message for the mankind that only Allah Almighty is the one Who is Maalik of the day of judgment. So, we should get prepared for the day when we will have to come in front of the creator and answer about all of the sins and good deeds we had done in the present world.Verse no 5 The fifth verse of Surah-Al-Fatihah isThee (alone) do we worship and of Thee (only) do we seek alleviate. (Al-Fatihah 5)Thee (alone) do we worship means Allah is the only Essence to be relied on and worshipped. By dealting that we worship Allah Almighty, we are humble before Allah Almighty and to knowledge our servitude to Allah and to His Pure Essence function to make us successful in this great challenge.Thee (only) do we seek help is clearly referring towards the Cherished blessings of Allah Almighty, and rescue our attention toward the point that he is the only one who can help us at all. No one else in the universe can help us in any matter. Iyyaaka nastaeenIt is in our fitrah too that whenever we louse up in any kind of problem we ask Almighty for help unintentionally no matter whatever our resources are?The virtue of the verseThis verse possesses a very charming message for the believers of Allah Almighty that we only worship Allah Almighty by all aspects of life, no matter what the condition is, also it is the only source of becoming successful in the final exam. And it is only Allah Almighty from which we can seek help as he is the most Beneficial and Merciful.Verse no 6The sixth verse of Surah-Al-Fatihah isGuide us (o Lord) on the square pass.In this verse, we are asking Allah Almighty for help in the form of dua. By saying consume us (oLord) we ask Allah Almighty to show us the effective highway and guide us on it, in the result, we will get guidance which eventually brings us surrounding(prenominal) and nearer to Allah Almighty which will result in success.The meaning of corking Path is Sirat-e-Mustqeem. Moreover, this straight path is the very Divine faith, has some phases. whatever phase a person gains, there is still some high stage above them that a person may ask Allah to guide him to reach. Mustqeem can be defined as istaqaama which means upright.In the beginning, we asked for a straight path so, why we are requesting for it again, it is only on to emphasize the objective to get the straight path. In another meaning, mustqeem refers to wait dissolute or to stand firm without tilting.The virtue of this verse In the whole ayah, we are asking Allah Almighty to guide us to follow the right path or the straight path and help u s to repose us on the right and straight path because it is the only way that we can get to the Paradise.If we tilted a little or crispen minorly this can be a fatal matter for our success as Allah Almighty is the justest.Verse no 7The seventh verse of Surah-Al-Fatihah isThe path of those upon whom Thou hast bestowed Thy bounties, not (the path) of those inflicted with Thy wrath, nor (of those) gone astrayThis verse is, indeed, a clear illustration of the straight path which was dealt with in the previous verse.By this verse, we can clearly attend that the follower asks Allah Almighty to guide him on those with whom He has blessed with many kinds of blessings. In this verse, we ask Allah Almighty that guides us with the path of those which you had blessed and gave your endless bounties, not with those who were strayed from their path and are in great loss.The virtue of the verseWe hunker before Allah Almighty to guide us on the path of those which were awarded by Almightys fruitf ul awards, not to those who were strayed and are in great loss.Impact of Surah Al-Fatiha on the life of a Muslim as a servant of AllahSurah Al-Fatiha is the said to be the mother of the Holy Quran and it has a core message of the Holy Quran.As a Muslim Surah Al-Fatiha has shall have a positive and satisfying concern on us. As it has very clearly been mentioned in the verse 3 that Allah Almighty is the Lord of the day of the judgment and all of us has to stand on the platform of justice and there, justice will be done on pure merit.So, as a servant of Allah, we should ask him for mercy.We should ask the Almighty for guidance and siraat-e-mustqeem, so we can remain on the right path. Servant of Allah will surely seek the path of one who is succeeded in his final run, and he will avoid the path of those who strayed from the divine path and bound to hell.Holy Quran is not only our holy book, but a source of great knowledge, and we cannot deny the unimaginative significance of this fa ct even disbeliever of the holy prophet admit it.So, Quran is the source of knowledge to get success in the final run. And Surah Fatiha has all the aspects which are explained in the Holy book so. So, it implies significant impact on the life of a Muslim.

Differences Between Homogeneous Nucleation and Heterogeneous Nucleation

Newey and Weaver described nucleation as a functioning that must follow in a system, undergoing a phase transition, before the formation of an an sepa crop(prenominal)(prenominal) phase (Royce). This process is called homogeneous nucleation if it occurs away from any boundaries. On the other hand, heterogeneous nucleation takes place on a step up, interface, breakdown or other disfigurement in the material. In addition, the latter suit is favored because it requires a lower rid vitality change to form the initial still karyon where others digest adhere resul natesg an outgrowth in size (cited in Royce).During nucleation, the atoms are forming nano-sized solid clusters. In homogeneous nucleation, clustering occurs above the melt of the alloy (Tm) turns bandaging into the placid state due to its stability on that phase succession clustering below Tm can head teacher to watch crystal-nuclei formation if its size reaches stability against melting (Iqbal 3). High so lid-liquid interface cake energy is a thermodynamic hindrance in nucleation. Due to this energy barrier, foreign materials are added to serve as nucleation sites. These nucleation sites sacrifice lower surface energy, thus, increases the nucleation stride.The stable nuclei then grow into an equiaxed and finer jot structure (Iqbal 3). Moreover, nucleation is a kinetic process wherein atoms of the melted metal form into clusters within the liquid medium at stage set temperature (Iqbal 9). These clusters act as crystallization nuclei where other atoms adhere and solidify. The rate of nucleation process is directly touch by the divergence between the equilibrium melting temperature (Tm) and the freezing temperature (Tf) or undercooling. As a rule of thumb, a higher undercooling yields higher nucleation rate. Nucleation MechanismBen Best discussed that garlands of some metals, standardized copper and nickel note, both in liquid and solid states are highly soluble in all given c oncentration. Since both copper and nickel have similar crystal structures and atomic radii, in the cooling process the particles formed have properties imparted by both of these metals. This metal mixture type is called isomorphous. In contrast to this, the mixture of lead and tin is eutectic because of partial solubility of these metals in the solid state. Unlike copper and nickel, lead and tin have different crystal structures and atomic radii.This is the reason why the solid lead-tin alloy can only consist of 2. 5% lead and 19. 2% tin their maximum piece of writing by weight. In addition, a eutectic mixture has composition that completely liquefies at eutectic temperature. For lead-tin mixture, the eutectic composition is 61. 9% that has a eutectic temperature of 183C. This property makes lead-tin mixture as a good soldering agent. Metals typically solidify as crystals at a temperature lower than its melting temperature (Best). The difference in melting and solidification tem peratures is called as the maximum undercooling.This undercooling is the effect of pure metal crystallization. During the crystallization process, the nucleation of small particles or crystallization nuclei occurs first then the adherence of other particles on these nuclei follows. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), other surrounding particles tend to dissolve it back into the liquid phase. Successful fusion into the crystal releases agitate which causes other attached atoms to dissolve. This pith that the high fusion of a metal reflects its tendency for a high solidification temperature and maximum undercooling (Best).The energy affects the dissolution process with compliancy to the surface eye socket of the nucleus while energy variation favoring nucleus growth is a factor of volume proportion (Best). Surface area varies with the square of the radius, whereas volume varies with the cube of the radius. Thus, a large crystal is not susceptible to surface dissolution. In additio n, a metal at a specific temperature has a slender radius size. Radius bigger than the critical radius tend to increase in size while smaller radius is susceptible to dissolution.Nonetheless, lower temperature facilitates the attainment of the critical radius (Best). Further, crystallization may occur in less undercooling if a higher melting point metal with similar crystal structure to and non-water-soluble at the melting temperature of the original metal is added (Best). The crystal growth around these insoluble nuclei is referred to as heterogeneous nucleation. In heterogeneous nucleation, specific sites in a material catalyze the nucleation process by means of the reduction of the critical free energy of nucleation (?Gc) (Balluffi, Allen, and Carter 477).It is always in kinetic competition with homogeneous nucleation wherein the double-quick rate mechanism prevails. The lower value of ?Gc supports heterogeneous nucleation while the greater number of potential nucleation sit es favors homogeneous nucleation. Moreover, by means of the nucleation rate expressed as J = Z c N exp-?Gc /(kT ), regimes of temperature, supersaturation, relative interfacial energies, and microstructure in which one nucleation mechanism occurs can be predicted.When a small particle deposits on the grain boundaries, edges or corners of a poly guileless microstructures such as grain boundaries, edges or corners, these crystal imperfections get out be eliminated with an associated free-energy decrease lowering ?Gc (Balluffi, Allen, and Carter 477). Solidification in Metals The solidification of metals and their alloys starts when a welded small portion of metal melts and resolidifies (Phase Transformation). alike nucleation occurs when there are no other chemical substance species involved in a nucleation process.For instance when a pure liquid metal is slowly cooled below its equilibrium m freezing temperature to a sufficient grad numerous homogeneous nuclei are created by slo w-moving atoms bonding unneurotic in a lucid form. While the involvement of other chemical species to favor nucleation results to heterogeneous nucleation. Solidification is a crucial stage in metallurgical processes such as in ingot casting, continuous casting, condense casting, pressure casting, atomization (Phanikumar and Chattopadhyay 25).This is also an important stage in vicarious manufacturing processes such as welding, soldering, brazing, cladding and sintering. For the properties of the product largely depend on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the different phases. The microstructure of the products on the other hand, is affected by thermic and solutal processing conditions and thermodynamic and kinetics factors of the materials (Phanikumar and Chattopadhyay 25). Solidification involves heat extraction through and through diffusion and convection processes, and solid-liquid interface move aroundment.In addition, the microstructure solidification is a complex process affected by the rate of solidification (v), temperature gradient (G), composition (C) and kinetics factors such as phase equilibrium reactions, nucleation and growth, and crystallographic con short letterts (Phanikumar and Chattopadhyay 25). Solidification and Mechanical Properties Industrial treatments such as rolling or forging, alloying and thermal treatment are through to metals to saturationen their mechanical properties.For instance, pure aluminum has a tensile strength of around 13,000 pounds per square inch (psi), however, by cold-working its strength is approximately doubled. This can also be done by adding alloying metals such as manganese, silicon, copper, milligram and zinc. Similarly, heat treatment makes the tensile strength of aluminum over 100, 000 psi (Property Modification n. p. ). Plastic or permanent torsion of crystalline materials is largely affected by the tendency of dislocation within the material. Thus, restraining the dislocation move ment improves its strength.This is done by controlling the grain size, strain hardening, and alloying (strengthen/Hardening Mechanisms). In the material science engineering, a grain is a crystal with unsmooth faces due to the deferred growth in contact with a boundary (Solidification). The grain boundary is the interface between grains. Atoms in this region are disordered, hence, no crystalline structure. The different orientation of adjacent grains within the material, the boundary between grains hinders the dislocation movement and the resulting slip.The solidification rate controls the size and number of grains. Smaller grains denote shorter distances between atoms that can move in a slip plane, thus, improving the strength of the material ( alter/Hardening Mechanisms). The improvement of metallic strength is done through strain or work hardening or cold-working. In plastic deformation of metals, the movement of dislocations produces additional dislocations (Strengthening/Hardeni ng Mechanisms). These dislocations interact, pin or span resulting to decline in dislocations movement and causes material strengthening.This strengthening is called as cold-working for the detail of plastic deformation is at low temperature which impedes atom movements. However, cold-working process reduces the ductility of metals. On the other hand, when the process is done at higher temperature, the atoms set up to improve material strength (Strengthening/Hardening Mechanisms). Since cold-working process reduces ductility, thermal or heat treatment is used to remove its effect. The strengthening gained through the cold-working will be lost if the strain hardened materials are exposed at higher temperatures.Recovery, re-crystallization, and grain growth may occur during the heat treatment (Strengthening/Hardening Mechanisms). Nucleation and Mechanical Properties The number of nucleation sites for the freezing metal affects the grain structure of the solid metal product. Few nu mber of nucleation sites means smaller number of crystallization nuclei, hence, large-grain or coarse structure results. An increase in nucleation site numbers, on the other hand, yields fine-grain structure because a take of crystallization nuclei are available for the dissolve phase attach and solidify.Fine grain structure is the most desired product for strength and uniformity in metal production (Poster and Easterling 125). An ideal crystal has a perfect crystalline structure and characterized by a regular repetitive lattice in any space direction. However, crystalline materials have crystallographic defects. Minor crystal defect may impart significant metallic properties. The conductivity of silicon, for instance, is doubled when it is pollute with 10-8 percent mass of boron (Tisza 107).There are several properties that can be identified based on the ideal lattice structure such as thermal and electrical conductivities, and specific heat. These are called as structure-insensi tive properties. However, there are structure-sensitive properties such as mechanical properties that are hardly predicted on the basis of ideal crystal structure. The discrepancy between the ideal and authentic crystal structures result to the large differences in theoretical and experimental figuring of properties (Tisza 107).

Jit in Service Sector

This issue s c e actuallywhereed by adopting an indirect approach. All the proceedss which atomic number 18 obtained using KIT atomic number 18 listed and thus their corresponding implementation In work vault of heaven Is discussed. It is ob served that every the utilities of KIT like Reducing represent, amend Quality, upward(a) Per spurtance, Improving Delivery, Adding flexibility and Increasing Innovativeness argon implemented in armed go industry. This attend tos us to attend that basic philosophy clay the same, only Implementation methodology Is changed.IT is a philosophy of continuous approach in which non-value-adding activities re identified and take away for the purposes of Reducing cost Improving Quality Improving Performance Improving Delivery Adding flexibility Increasing Innovativeness IT is non about automation. KIT eliminates excess by providing the surroundings to perfect and simplify the addresses. KIT is a collection of techniques dod to men d operations. It laughingstock to a fault be a sore production establishment that is aimd to produce goods or assistant.All the above utilities of that in Time concept indicates that this concept is not argona limited concept. It set upnister also be employed in helper sphere of influence. serve up welkin In order to define services, it is not enough to read simply that they are intangible acts as opposed to tangible goods. roughly modern products are a combination of both. For example, when purchasing a serve machine the node also receives services much(prenominal) as installation, precaution and repair. When getting a haircut, the guest will likely also benefit from a number of hair care products and might even buy some for domicil white plague.Therefore services can be characterized with the following grave features Intangibility services cannot generally be seen, tasted, felt, heard or smelled ahead they are bought. ? Inseparability services are produc ed and consumed at the same sentence. Variability the fictitious character of the same service may vary depending on who translates it as salutary as when and how it is provided. Permissibility services cannot be stored for later sales or use lack of motivation cannot be evened out by producing to an inventory.Several of the features enumerated above do not apply to modern information technology-based services. There, personal contact does not have any(prenominal) importance (e. G. , on-line learning in its purest form, on-line banking, etc. ) and variability is greatly smotherd t I not eliminated completely. Due to this heterogeneity in services it is difficult to classify them in a useful manner. Implementation of KIT in assistant Sector The key principles of KIT in any system are no wastage, total visibility, and flexibility in the use of human and material resources.In any environment these principles translate into three simple rules dont start any nominate unless th e demand signal indicates a need for more than material if the demand signal indicates a need, work to fill that need and, never go through the queue- size limit . KIT is now fully integrated into service orbit, although the use of the term KIT is rarely apply. All the objectives aimed by employing KIT is achieved in service sector as seen below. Reducing Cost In Service sector return on investment (ROI) has traditionally translated to cut cost. Certainly, organizations nowadays are under tremendous pressure from management and from clients to verbalize a higher level of service at lower cost, and to do so using existing resources. Any expenditure they do make to benefactor them achieve this goal is expected to deliver a measurable, hard-dollar ROI, and deliver it quickly. kindred to manufacturing sector, cost can be reduced by adopting administration. Service sector can delivers monetary standardization by applying the principles to the way heap, pedigree processes, and technology are organized.All three have become so interlinked that change to one must(prenominal) be addressed in all three. Uses of Information technology in various service sector industries have led to standardization. Standardization can be adopted by using the industry standards, reusable instalments, and arranged implementation. Industry Standard Architecture Industry standards provide a legitimate enterprise-wide approach for deploying IT at the lowest cost. Reducing the diversity of your IT environment drives overthrow the costs of implementing change.Industry standards enable disparate components in a heterogeneous environment to work together consistently. Todays standards will also help facilitate the integration of tomorrows standards and solutions. Standards drive efficiencies and economies of scale, amplify flexibility and provide greater choice. They lower the cost of computing compared to proprietary oblations and provide the baseation for innovations that e nhance functionality and the user experience.Standards also facilitate common training, best practices and the reuse f knowledge. Reusable component Reusable components break down silos of IT into modular as embeds. This building blocks approach applies to system elements, application and infrastructure services and people. The stop numbery adoption of web services is the result of standard, industry- recognized IT components that address the need to reduce cost, implement wise services quickly and efficiently, and scale rapidly.Consistent Implementation Consistent implementation provides a standardized approach to the way work is organized, establishing a common fabric for business and IT A consistent approach to implementation increases productivity and enables the rapid redeployment tot resources to meet changing business demand and reduces the time required to implement change, improves operational efficiency, and increases flexibility when deploying human resources or chang ing business processes. ensample McDonalds Corporation will migrate more than 4,000 stores to run on COS Open Server Release 5 platform over the contiguous two years. McDonalds implementation of Open Server will assist in relaying info from the stores point-of-sale machines to McDonalds corporate headquarters, as tumesce as provide access to corporate applications. Open Server also helps McDonalds reduce costs by allowing the use of less expensive hardware and enabling the networking and speed provided by newer hardware. Improving Quality According to Curran (1999), quality can be defined as fitness for use.The term can also be understood as features of the product which meet customer needs and thereby provide customer satisfaction and as freedom from deficiencies errors that require remake or result in field failures, customer dissatisfaction and claims etc. In order to improve quality in the service sector it is primary(prenominal) to assure that every recess generates info rmation that can be used for its improvement. No organization should neglect the opportunity to take a closely look at accumulated data as part of the operations.With this data it is possible to discover hidden patterns in process deficiencies, form different hypothesis as to what might be the reasons for deficiencies, etc. In short, use the scientific method to increase profitability and competitiveness of the organization as a whole by improving processes and customer satisfaction. Statistical tools for improvement of service quality The basic statistical toolbox includes a tick off of seven tools. Among them are check sheets, the call forth chart, the cause-and-effect diagram, histograms, stratification, scatter plots and graphs (including the control chart).They help people see how often things happen, when and where they happen and in what different forms they may present themselves to the observer. These tools are widely used in the service industry. Example The electric c hair of a relatively small mortgage-lending bank facing a serious competition of similar institutions had decided that in order to give out in the market ,excellent service should be the banks trademark. They selected team conducted a earlier statistical study of exertion data. Team members found out that the average out time to complete a bring was 24 days.A market abridgment showed that a shorter time period to obtain a home loan would give the bank a significant advantage over the competitors. The banks President nominated a team to work on reducing the time lag time for the loans approval. After flowcharting the process on the basis of available transaction data and observing the processing of new loans for 3 months, the team found out that enormous time savings could be achieved. A Parent chart indicated that an overwhelming part of the elapsed time was due to the documents traveling between various offices since they had to be read and approved by so many different peo ple.Further analysis showed that the steps in the process could be combined, and get done by one person. This could greatly reduce mission TN waiting time and the potential for errors. As a consequence, a set of standard operating procedures was prepared for the new process. After the system changes were implemented, a statistical study showed that the average time to obtain a home non was reduced to 4 days, providing this bank with a significant advantage over its competitors. Improving performance Performance in a service sector can be improved by using various approaches.Any or all of the following approaches will improve organizational performance depending on if they are implemented comprehensively and remain focused on organizational results. Broad Overview of Various Approaches The following descriptions are general and brief. Balanced circuit card Focuses on four indicators, including customer perspective, internal-business processes, learning and growth and financial, to monitor continue award organizations strategic goals Benchmarking Using standard measurements in a service or industry for comparison to other organizations in order to throw perspective on organizational performance.For example, there are emerging standard benchmarks for universities, hospitals, etc. Business Process Reengineering Aims to increase performance by radically re-designing the organizations structures and processes, including by starting over from the ground up. heathen Change Cultural change is a form of organizational transformation, that is, radical and fundamental form of change. Cultural change involves changing the basic values, norms, beliefs, etc. , among members of the organization.Knowledge Management Focuses on collection and management of scathing knowledge in an organization to increase its capacity for achieving results. Its effectiveness toward reaching overall results for the organization depends on how well the enhanced, critical knowledge is appli ed in the organization. Learning Organization Focuses on enhancing organizations systems (including people) to increase an organizations capacity for performance. Management by Objectives (MOB) Aims to align goals and fortunate objectives end-to-end the organization Program Evaluation Program evaluation is used for a wide variety of applications, e. . , to increase efficiencies of program processes and thereby cut costs, to measure if program goals were reached or not, to quality programs for accreditation, etc. Strategic Planning Organization-wide process to identify strategic direction, including vision, mission, values and overall goals. Direction is pursued by implementing associated action plans, including multi- level goals, objectives, time lines and responsibilities. Strategic planning is, of course, form of planning. Improving Delivery The sales talk in service sector is improved by the introduction of Internet and information technology.It has bridged the gap between cu stomer and service provider. Now it is possible to take orders on computer, maintain a database of clients on network and use it as and when required. Customer segments vary by need, size and service levels so it is difficult for one delivery channel to serve all segments efficiently. Providers can oaten increase snare tot handbag Witt under- penetrated customer segments by creating niche-focused delivery channels. A low venue segment, for example, can be assigned to a telephone channel at a lower cost while providing services designed to increase customer satisfaction.The niche- focused channel can be developed so it replicates the sales and service functions that traditional face-to-face delivers to more profitable segments. Contact sum representatives can identify and prioritize customer needs and then deliver solutions that have high value to the customer. The path to such solutions begins with an evaluation of accredited channel performance to diagnose opportunities. Compare current and desired in store(predicate) state metrics of each channel. Then restructure key components of the delivery system for each line of business and each customer cluster.Look for solutions that conduce customers into more efficient channels while actually improving service to the customer. Adding flexibility The only way companies can continue to empower employees and reduce the bureaucracy within their operation is to use flexible peoplepeople who can do more than one task. Business needs workers who are ascertained in other skills and who also participate in such traditional managerial concerns as Job planning, organizing, and controlling. Flexible people are also having an impact on the service industry. One example, reported by Fortune (Ulster 1989), is Lecher, Inc. A store retail chain owned by Dayton Hudson. Experimenting with flexibility as a competitive tool, Lecher began by offering employees in its Sarasota, Florida facility raises based on the number of Jobs ea ch well-read to perform. Cashiers were encouraged to sell records and tapes. Sporting goods salespeople were taught to operate forklifts. What are the benefits to Lecher? Flexibility in the work force has helped the company adjust quickly to shifts in staffing needs because workers can be moved to where hey are needed. Pay incentives positivist the chance for more varied and interesting work days are powerful recruiting incentives.Perhaps that is one reason Lecherys Sarasota facility has a more inactive work force60 percent full time, rather than the 30 percent that exists in the rest of the chain. Increasing Innovativeness Innovation is clearly critical to the dynamism of the service sector, in particular as information and conference technologies are applied to re-engineer business processes, to create and extend service offerings, and to realize entirely new business models Type tot Innovation, by sector pick Due to the heterogeneous nature of services, innovation can take ve ry different shapes in different areas.As shown in figure, in service sector innovation is primarily happening in terms of organizational changes. Companies are becoming horizontally integrated and Job enlargement is the key number one wood for the organizational change. Today, it typically leads to a stronger focus on core business, enhancing firms capacity to excel in a narrower band of products. The increased intent towards outsourcing is one element of this trend. Another one is the establishment of more contumacious and mutually beneficial relationships between firms.Organizational change serves in part to improve co-operation both within and between organizations it is often essential for reaping the gains of innovation as well as for promoting successful innovation. Hence it is observed that in service sector KIT is implemented in a different way, merely it lead to the same result. KIT is now fully integrated into service sector, although the use of the term KIT is rarely used. Examples of KIT implementation in service sector McDonalds, Dominos and federal Express, who compete on speed and even-tempered provide heir products and services at low cost and change magnitude variety. ? Lens provider, cleaner and car-repair services can turn around customer orders in an hour. Supermarkets replenish their shelves according to what the customers withdraw. Retail stores can provide customers with more choice faster than ever before. Stores can now track customer buying habits in real-time and change their orders daily. Conclusion It is seen that elements of KIT can be applied to almost any operation, including service operations. The philosophy remains the same, only the methodology and ways of implementation changes.