Hardness of Water

INTRODUCTION WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATERIt is when weewee passes through or over specify such as limestone the level of Caand Mgand HCO ions present in the pee can greatly increase and grow the piddle to be classified as hard water supply. This term results from the fact that cation and milligram ions in water combine with slash molecules, making it hard to get suds. racy level of water ion such as Ca and Mgcan endeavour scaly deposits in plumbing appliances & vitamin A boilers.These two ions also combine chemic eithery with soap molecules resulting in decreased beaksing. The American water works Association indicates that the example quality water should not crack more than 80mg/l of total bad weather as CaCO. High levels of total severity argon not considered a health concern. There are two types of asperityTemporary callus this is due to the aim of bicorbonates of atomic number 20 and magnesium. It can be considerably removed by boiling. Permanent toughness th is is due to the presence of chlorides & sulfate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.MOTIVATIONI was bothered that the water in Ilara community doesnt combine easily with soap tip to lush consumption of WATER.ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCEScales are formed as inner surface of the pipelines prevents corrosion Absolute brushed water are corrosive and answer metalsMore causes of cardio vascular diseases are reported in soft water areas Hard water is utilitarian to growth of children due to the presence of calcium Hard water cause excessive consumption of soap used for killing purpose, sodium soaps react with multivalent metal(prenominal) cations to form a precipitate, thereby resort their surfactant properties. Lathering doesnt take ass until all hardness ions precipitate knocked out(p).APPARATUS conic Flask 250ml Burette with retort tolerate Beaker Wash bottles Standard flask PipettesMETHOD wide-eyed titration methodREAGENTS Ammon ium chloride Ammonium hydroxide Ilara-Mokin water HO Magnesium sulphate Erichrome black T EDTA (Disodium salt).PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 1. Standard termination of EDTAThe usual reagent is the disodium salt, which is a dehydrate, Mr=372.24 it is available in sufficiently pure form to be used as a direct standard for most purposes. If necessary, it may be dried at 80 for quadruple days to remove a minuscular percentage of water that may turn out been absorbed. The firmness of purpose should be stored in shaping containers rather than applesauce bottles. The radical is static but if stored in glass bottles (particularly if the glass is new), the concentration of a dilute solution will decrease appreciably with fourth dimension as metal ions are extracted out of the glass. To prepare 2 1 of the reagent, dissolve 7.44g of the salt in enough deionized water to make exactly 2 1 of solution. 2. Buffer solution(pH 10)Add 17.5g of ammonium chloride to 142cm of ammonium chloride to 142cm of 0.88 ammonium hydroxide solution and make up to 250cm with deionized water. 3. Eriochrome black-market T powerThis indicator can be purchased as a powder. The solid is hygroscopic, and so must be stored in a tightly stoppered container.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (testing of the Ilara-mokin water) We Pipetted 200ml of the water prove and transfer it to a clean 250ml conical flask. We Added 2ml of Ammonia buffer solution to the water sample so that the pH will be maintained amidst 9 & 10. We added few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flask and the sample turns to fuddle red in color. Before we started the titration we rinsed the buret with few ml of EDTAthen make full the burette with 0.02m EDTA solution & alter to zero then fixed it in retort stand. We titrated the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions present in the sample reacted with the EDTA.The appearance of blue color indicated that all Ca and Mg ions were co mplex with EDTA and forms a metal EDTA complex. i.e. the end point of the titration We say down the burette reading and restate titration two more times.RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENTSAMPLE A closing READINNGS 1.50 1.40 1.40 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE set 1.50 1.40 1.40Average titer value= 1.50 +1.40+1.40 =4.3 3 3=1.43cm=1.43 x 20= 28.6 cmSAMPLE B FINAL READINGS 2.90 3.10 2.90 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 2.90 3.10 2.90Average titre value=2.90+3.10+2.90 = 8.90 3 3=2.97cm=2.97 x 20= 59.4cm